What written statement outlines the essential facts of an offense?

The correct answer is a complaint because it serves as the formal written document that outlines the essential facts of an offense that is being alleged against an individual. The complaint provides the necessary details about the incident, such as what law was allegedly violated, the nature of the crime, and identifying information about the parties involved. This document initiates legal proceedings and informs the defendant of the allegations they face, ensuring that they have a clear understanding of the charges against them.

In contrast, an affidavit functions as a sworn statement affirming the truth of matters contained therein, typically used to support applications or motions but not specifically as a charging document. A statement of facts might provide a summary of the allegations but does not have the legal standing or procedural significance of a complaint. A charge sheet, while it may outline charges, is usually used in specific contexts like formal court filings following an arrest, rather than as an initial outline of the offense.